Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analysis

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis (AC Circuits)

Transient and Steady-State Analysis

AC and DC Measurement Instruments

Measurement of Non-electrical Quantities

Digital Voltmeters and Multimeters

Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance

Resistive, Capacitive, and Inductive Sensors

Flow, Level, and Pressure Measurement

Thermocouples, RTDs, Thermistors

Measurement of Vibration, Speed, Acceleration

Signal Conditioning and Calibration

Ultrasonic, Optical, and Radiation Sensors

Diodes, Transistors (BJT, MOSFET)

Amplifiers (Biasing, Small Signal, and Power)

Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) and Applications

Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Converters

Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Number Systems and Arithmetic Circuits

Sequential Circuits (Flip-flops, Counters, Shift Registers)

Combinational Circuits (Multiplexers, Encoders, Decoders)

Feedback and Open-Loop Control Systems

Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analysis

Compensators and Controllers

Stability Analysis

(Routh-Hurwitz, Root Locus, Bode Plot, Nyquist Criteria)

Modulation Techniques (AM, FM, PM)

Digital Communication (ASK, FSK, PSK)

Optical Sources and Detectors

Optical Communication Systems

Transfer Function Representation

Frequency Response (Bode and Nyquist Plots)

Process Control Loops

(Level, Flow, Pressure, and Temperature Control)

Piezoelectric, Hall-effect Sensors

Static and Dynamic Characteristics

Types of Transducers (R,L,C)